Genotyping

ABSTRACT

The object of the present invention is to provide a novel method that addresses the problem of differentiating large sets of genomic sequences. The invention relates to a method for genotyping N loci present in a sample in a target nucleic acid molecule, wherein each locus is located in a genotype marker region of the nucleic acid molecule, and corresponds to two or more genotypes. Furthermore the invention relates to a kit for performing said method for genotyping. Also the invention relates to a method for designing and producing selection primers, as well as a method for producing detection primers, all of said primers to be used in the method for genotyping or in the kit for performing the genotyping method. The invention further relates to selection primers adapted for genotyping of loci in a target nucleic acid molecule and a computer program product for designing selection primers.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method for genotyping one or more loci in a target molecule present in a sample. Furthermore the invention relates to a kit for performing said method. The invention also relates to a method for designing and producing selection primers and a method for producing detection primers, both methods for use in said method for genotyping or in said kit. Also the invention is related to the selection primers as such, as well as to a computer program product that will aid in designing selection primers.

BACKGROUND

In genetic research or in the diagnosis of infectious diseases an important task is the determination and classification of the nucleotide sequences at a particular region of the genome where it falls into two categories, which govern important features of the phenotype. The prime example of such a situation is the cleavage site of the avian influenza virus (AIV) haemagglutinin precursor protein (HA0), which is of a kind characteristic of either a low- or a high-pathogenic virus. The HA0 cleavage sites of the highly pathogenic AIV contain multiple basic amino acid side chains with the minimal motif R/K-X-R/K-R↓G and have so far only been found for H5 and H7 subtypes¹. In fact, a large number of viruses have been shown to possess surface proteins for which post-translational cleavage is required for activation of infectivity², including important pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, the filoviruses Ebola and Marburg and flaviviruses, such as the yellow fever virus. Many of these viruses possess cleavage site motifs similar to those of the avian influenza viruses and there are several viruses for which correlations between pathogenicity and cleavage properties have been demonstrated^(1,2).

On the basis of the codon representation, the AIV high-pathogenic cleavage site motif can be represented by more than 18,000 distinct sequences at the RNA level. Several hundred of these possible sequences have been discovered in different H5 and H7 subtype viruses and novel viruses with previously unknown cleavage site sequences are constantly emerging. For this reason, attempts to probe the cleavage site in PCR applications have been limited to subsets of influenza viruses³⁻⁶ and current standard procedures for molecular testing of AIV pathogenicity involve nucleotide sequencing of the cleavage site^(3,7). Thus, single tube experiments for AIV pathotyping, able to avoid cumbersome, time consuming and technically demanding nucleotide sequencing, for rapid screening and diagnostic applications, must be able to interrogate the sample in a highly multiplexed way.

A major problem of differentiating large sets of genomic sequences is to devise multiplex amplification methods⁸ for obtaining homogeneous amplification of all recognized target segments and to suppress interactions between the primers.

Attempts have been made to suppress interactions betweens primers, e.g. by using the HANDS (Homo-tag Assisted Non-Dimer System) technology, in which chimerical primers (sequence recognizing primers tagged with a universal sequence) are present in relatively low concentration while universal primers targeting the complement of universal tags present on the chimerical primers, which in these scheme effectively brings the amplification to detectable levels, are at higher concentrations⁹. Since the same universal tag sequences extends both the forward and reverse primer of each chimerical primer pair, the ends of the amplification products will be self-complementary after a few PCR cycles. For the short, target independent, primer dimerization products the formation of intramolecular “panhandle” structures will be favoured, which will protect the 3′-end and prevent further amplification of the primer dimers⁹. The suppression of primer dimers will allow higher multiplexing.

In a related scheme¹⁰, which adapts the PCR suppression concept¹¹ for multiplex detection, a universal primer target (adaptor) is ligated to the ends of the genomic DNA. The multiplex amplification is achieved by using one primer, common for all multiplex reactions, targeting the adaptor region and one target specific primer for each multiplex component reaction. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the multiplex efficiency archived with this method¹⁰. First, the reduction of the number of primers used in the reaction, since the adaptor primer is identical for all reaction, reduces unwanted primer interactions. Secondly, spurious amplification brought about by the adaptor primer alone will produce amplicons with self-complementary ends and hence will form panhandle structures whose further amplification will be suppressed in the same way as proposed for the primer dimers in the HANDS method⁹.

Subsequently, the use of universal primers have found many uses in multiplex methods such as multiplex microarray enhanced PCR¹², Templex PCR¹³, nested patch PCR¹⁴ but also in ligation based multiplex amplification methods such as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification¹⁵ and assays based on sequence tagged molecular inversion probes¹⁶.

Despite the efforts made in the art there is still a need for novel methods that provide homogeneous amplification of all recognized target segments in large sets of genomic sequences.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide a novel method that addresses the aforementioned problem of differentiating large sets of genomic sequences by combining several of the themes described above in a new way.

According to the invention differentiation of large sets of genomic sequences is achieved by a semi-nested method comprising pre-amplification and a two-level amplification reaction, which decouples the recognition and detection events.

The invention relates in one aspect to a method for genotyping N loci present in a sample in a target nucleic acid molecule, wherein each locus is located in a genotype marker region of the nucleic acid molecule, and corresponds to two or more genotypes.

In a second aspect, the invention relates to a kit for performing said method for genotyping, comprising primers, and optionally other ingredients of a nucleic acid amplification reaction mixture.

In a third aspect the invention relates to a method for designing and producing selection primers to be used in the method for genotyping or in the kit for performing the genotyping method.

In a fourth aspect the invention relates to a method for producing detection primers to be used in the method for genotyping or in the kit for performing the genotyping method.

In a fifth aspect the invention relates to selection primers adapted for genotyping of loci in a target nucleic acid molecule.

In a sixth aspect the invention relates to a computer program product for designing selection primers.

Further advantages and objects with the present invention will be described in more detail, inter alia with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the outline of one embodiment of the pre-amplification step a) of the method for genotyping, wherein some primers are tagged with an artificial sequence.

FIG. 2 shows the outline of one embodiment of step b) of the method for genotyping, in which one locus is to be genotyped corresponding to four genotypes. The selection primers (forward primers) are bipartite with a locus recognition sequence part (1), and an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part in which one piece is genotype specific sequence (2) composed of structure free DNA word for array hybridization and the other piece is a non-genotype specific sequence (3) common to all bipartite selection primers. The detection primer (forward primer) is common to all genotypes and corresponds to the non-genotype specific sequence of the selection primers. The reverse primer is the same for both selection and detection. The DNA word (barcode sequence) corresponds to a sequence on a readout array. Normally the array carry the same sequences as the DNA word to avoid direct binding of the bipartite primers and binding will require a round of PCR amplification to create the complement of the DNA word.

FIG. 3 shows the outline of one embodiment of step b) of the method for genotyping, in which one locus is to be genotyped corresponding to two genotypes of influenza virus (HP=high pathogenicity, LP=low pathogenicity). The selection primers (forward primers) are bipartite with a locus recognition part (1) and an artificial one-piece genotype-specific tagging sequence part (2). Two detection primers (forward primers) are used, and labelled with label 1 and label 2, respectively, corresponding to the respective genotype. The reverse primer is the same for both selection and detection.

FIG. 4 shows the outline of the scheme for one embodiment of the method for genotyping. Here the method is a semi-nested pre-amplification and two-level real-time PCR method used for avian influenza virus (AIV) pathotyping. A triangle marks the cleavage site, i.e. the locus to be genotyped. Black arrows denote the pre-amplification primers. Bipartite selection primer sets for recognition of cleavage sites characteristic for high- and low-pathogenic viruses are depicted as panhandle shapes connected to a rectangular region that symbolizes the sets of target recognizing sequences. The detection primers are shown as panhandle shapes labelled with a label. Solid and dashed lines signify whether the primers recognize/detect cleavage sites typical for high- or low-pathogenic viruses, respectively. The self-complementary panhandle shapes serves the purpose to minimize primer-primer interactions.

FIG. 5 shows the amplification curves displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (‘JOE’/‘FAM’) obtained with Plexor® detection primers for H5 (a) and H7 (b) AIV pathotyping. The investigated AIV isolates are indicated. The pathogenicity of all isolates was previously known (Table 1 (H5) and Table 2 (H7)). High- and low-pathogenic isolates are shown with full and dashed lines, respectively. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity and utilized 380 selection primers. The two isolates incorrectly pathotyped in (b) are:

A/mallard/Sweden/ 123455/08 (H7N7) and A/mallard/Sweden/ 100993/08 (H7N7).

FIG. 6 shows the amplification curves displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (‘JOE’/‘FAM’) obtained with Flexor® detection primers for pathotyping of the 2008 EU ring trial. The investigated AIV isolates are indicated in figure. The pathogenicity of all isolates was determined by cleavage site sequencing (Table 1 (H5) and Table 2 (H7)). High- and low-pathogenic isolates are shown with full and dashed lines, respectively. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high-pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity and utilized 380 selection primers.

FIG. 7 shows the amplification curves displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (‘JOE’/‘FAM’) obtained with Plexor® detection primers for pathotyping of the four AIV isolates indicated in the figure. Curves shown without and with crosses were obtained from experiments using a 380 and a 382 selection primer set, respectively. The pathogenicity of all isolates was determined by cleavage site sequencing (Table 1 (H5) and Table 2 (H7)). High-and low-pathogenic isolates are shown with full and dashed lines, respectively. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high-pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity.

FIG. 8 shows the amplification curves displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (‘JOE’/‘FAM’) obtained with Plexor® detection primers for pathotyping using the pan-HA primers²⁰ for pre-amplification. The experiments for pathotyping of the isolates indicated in the figure were run using the 382 selection primer set. The pathogenicity of all isolates was determined by cleavage site sequencing (Table 1 (H5) and Table 2 (H7)). High- and low-pathogenic isolates are shown with full and dashed lines, respectively. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high-pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity.

FIG. 9 shows the distribution of melting temperatures (a) and length (b) among the 382 selection primers. HP and LP signify primers detecting cleavage sites of high- and low-pathogenic viruses, respectively.

FIG. 10 shows the amplification curves obtained for american isolates displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (‘JOE’/‘FAM’) obtained with Plexor® detection primers for pathotyping using an extended 468 selection primer set covering all cleavage site in the world derived from the ncbi sequence database in December 2009. The pathogenicity of all isolates was confirmed by standard methods. High- and low-pathogenic isolates are shown with full and short dashed lines, respectively. One isolate is displayed with long dash and is low pathogenic but carries a cleavage site typical for high pathogenic viruses. This isolate is also detected as highly pathogenic by the design of the method. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity. Samples with thin lines are negative and where American H7-types. The pre-amplification primers designed are H7 and H5 specific and in this Figure the H5-specific primers where used.

FIG. 11 shows the amplification curves displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (VOETFAM) obtained with Plexor® detection primers for pathotyping of Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). Mesogenic (long dash) and velogenic (full line) strains are considered highly pathogenic and lentogenic (short dash) isolates are low pathogenic. The experiments for pathotyping of the isolates indicated in the figure were run using the 252 selection primer set. The pathogenicity of 25 isolates was previously known in the literature, the other 5 isolates (SD2C2, SA1C, LK2p, WARW and MX4) the cleavage sites were sequenced. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity.

Definitions

In the context of the present application and invention, the following definitions apply:

As used herein, the term genotyping refers in a broad sense to the process of determining the particular nucleotide or nucleotides (e.g. sequence variation) either present or absent at a particular polymorphic locus or genomic location. The term genotype refers to the genetic constitution of a cell, an individual or an organism.

By the term locus is meant the specific location of a gene or nucleic acid sequence, such as chromosomal DNA or RNA of any origin, as derived from eukaryots, prokaryots etc. In a bacterial species the locus may be located, besides chromosomal DNA, in mobile elements such as plasmids, transposons, resistance cassettes and virulence genes, and the genotyping will include determination of presence and nature or absence of these elements as well as genotyping of chromosomal loci.

As used herein, the term sample refers to a composition containing a material to be detected or analyzed. Samples include biological samples, which refer to any material obtained from a living source, for example, an animal such as a human or other mammal, a plant, a bacterium, a fungus, a protist or a virus or a processed form, such as amplified or isolated material.

In this context the terms target and bind, and words derived therefrom, are intended to illustrate the event at which, or the site to which, a primer may hybridize under stringent conditions.

By the term genotype marker region is meant a genomic region whose sequence or existence signify a property of the organism such as: genotype, virulence/pathogenicity, presence of mobile element, presence of certain genes, resistance to antibiotics, etc.

As used herein, the term amplifying or amplification refers to means for increasing the amount of a biopolymer, especially nucleic acids. Based on the 5′ and 3′ primers that are chosen, amplification also serves to restrict and define a target-region or locus of the genome which is subject to analysis. Amplification can be performed by any means known to those skilled in the art, and in particular embodiments include the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

By the term pre-amplification is meant an amplification system, preferably a PCR system, targeting a DNA genetic material, which may be reversely transcribed RNA, from an organism for which the genotype, e.g. the avian influenza pathotype is to be determined.

By the term primer is meant an oligonucleotide hybridising to a nucleic acid sequence during amplification. The term forward primer is referred to as a primer with the same sequence as the coding strand of a gene or an artificial sequence chimerically joined to the coding strand, and the term reverse primer is referred to as a primer with a sequence complementary to the coding strand of a gene or complementary to an artificial sequence chimerically joined to the complement of the coding strand.

Selection primers are used in a selection amplification system, preferably a PCR system which is to be construed as an amplification system targeting the template provided by the pre-amplification amplification system. Either the reverse or the forward primers target the region, which determines the assayed property, in a multiplexed way by bipartite primers whose 5′-end regions is constituted of artificial sequence elements of different kinds depending on the nature of the genotype signified by the sequence recognizing the 3′-end portion of the bipartite primer. The corresponding reverse/forward primer may or may not be multiplexed.

Detections primers are used in a detection amplification system, preferably a PCR system, which is to be construed as a multiplex amplification system targeting the templates provided by the selection amplification system. Either the reverse or the forward primers may be labelled with labels or chemical moieties for detection.

By the term amplicon is meant a DNA segment formed as the products of natural or artificial amplification events.

The terms nucleic acid and nucleic acid molecule are used interchangeably throughout the disclosure. The terms refer to a deoxyribonucleotide (DNA), ribonucleotide polymer (RNA) and RNA/DNA hybrids in either single- or double-stranded form. The phrase simultaneous amplification refers to the amplification of 2 or more loci or nucleic acid target-regions at the same time. The simultaneous amplification is typically within the same amplification mixture. Although it is contemplated herein that the simultaneous amplifications can occur in separate reaction mixtures, for the methods provided herein the simultaneous amplification reactions typically occur in the same single reaction.

As used herein, the term multiplexing refers to the simultaneous amplification or primer mass extension reaction of more than one oligonucleotide or primer (e.g., in a single reaction container); or the simultaneous analysis of more than one oligonucleotide, for instance in an array reader device; or simultaneous interrogation of the sample by multiple primers.

As used herein, the phrase target nucleic acid refers to one or more nucleic acids, such as genomic DNA, from which one or more regions or loci are to be amplified.

As used herein, the term polymorphism refers to the coexistence of more than one form or allele of a nucleic acid, such as a gene, or portion thereof. For example, a portion or locus of a gene for which there are at least two different alleles, i.e., two different nucleotide sequences, is referred to as a polymorphic loci, site or region of a gene. A polymorphic locus can be a single nucleotide (e.g., SNP) or can be several nucleotides in length (e.g., the avian influenza cleavage site, insertions or deletions). Accordingly, polymorphism includes substitutions, insertions, duplications and deletions of nucleotides. A polymorphism can also refer to a particular nucleotide(s) or nucleotide sequence occurring at a particular polymorphic site.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in a first aspect to a method for genotyping N loci present in a sample in a target nucleic acid molecule, wherein N is at least 1 and each locus is located in a genotype marker region of the nucleic acid molecule, and corresponds to two or more genotypes, preferably two genotypes. The method comprises the following steps a) to c).

In step a) a pre-amplification of each genotype marker region is performed utilizing primer-dependent enzymatic reactions. The pre-amplification is performed with a first group of amplification primer pairs consisting of a first set of one or more different forward primers and a first set of one or more different reverse primers, yielding one or more amplicons encompassing the genotype marker region(s). Each amplicon contains a region with at least one nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target distinct from the genotype marker region.

The pre-amplification can be achieved in N separate monoplex reactions or in a single N-plex reaction or anything in between these extremes.

The nucleotide sequence, preferably 10-40 nucleotides long, that can act as a primer binding target belongs to a set of sequences having less than 100 members, preferably less than 20 members and more preferred 1 to 5 members. Said set of sequences may be achieved by the existence of conserved genomic regions on the amplicons, or by using enzymatically connected artificial sequences, for example by ligation or by using bipartite PCR primers containing artificial 5′-end parts, or a combination of these mechanisms. Some embodiments of the pre-amplification step a) is described in FIG. 1.

The sample is a composition containing a material to be genotyped. Samples include biological samples, which refer to any material obtained from a living source, for example, an animal such as a human or other mammal, a plant, a bacterium, a fungus, a protist or a virus or a processed form, such as amplified or isolated material.

The locus or loci of interest may represent specific location(s) of a gene or DNA or RNA sequence determining a specific property, such as the degree of pathogenicity, resistance to antibiotics, etc. The number of loci, N, to be genotyped is preferably between 1 and 10 000, more preferred 1 to 100, most preferred 1.

The magnitude of the pre-amplification may be sufficient for direct detection by means such as gel electrophoresis or real-time PCR but may also be lower than typically required for direct detection.

In step b) a two-level nucleic acid amplification reaction utilizing primer-dependent enzymatic reactions is performed on the amplicon(s) from step a), step b) comprising the following two steps b1) and b2).

The first level, step b1) is a nucleic acid amplification utilizing a second group of primer pairs binding to each amplicon produced in step a). Said group of primer pairs consists of a second set of one or more different forward primers and a second set of one or more different reverse primers, wherein each sequence variant of each locus is targeted by at least one primer from said second sets of primers, said at least one primer forming a set of selection primers. In contrast to conventional primer design, a region with large variation should be selected for the selection primer binding target, where differences between genotypes appear clearly. The selection primers are bipartite having at the 3′-end a locus recognition sequence part that binds to either of said N loci at the genotype marker region and at the 5′-end an artificial one-piece tagging sequence part that is genotype specific or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, wherein one piece is genotype specific and the other one is non-genotype specific. Each selection primer that binds to the target locus of the genotype marker region forms a primer pair together with another primer belonging to said second sets of primers but targeting said nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a). It is preferred that each selection primer is present in a concentration of less than 100 nM, preferably of 10-0.01 nM, and most preferred approximately 0.1 nM, and the other primer of said primer pair is present in a concentration of at least 100 times, preferably between 100 and 100 000 times that of said selection primer. This step b1) yields amplicons each containing a respective one of said N loci.

The binding, or targeting, of a bipartite selection primer to either of said N loci should occur by hybridization of said primer to the genotype marker region containing the locus, under stringent conditions. The number of mismatches between the genotype marker region and the selection primer should be less than 5, preferably less than 4, more preferred no more than 1, and most preferred 0.

The low concentration of selection primers allow very high multiplexing (at least 10-1000). A high number of different selection primers may be used simultaneously in the method, such as 10 000 primers, more preferred 1000 to 100 primers. Due to the very robust character of the method for genotyping the total number of different selection primers that may be used for the simultaneous amplification may easily be increased if required, e.g. as a consequence of mutations leading to not previously known sequences demanding new primers for detection.

The selection primers may also be degenerate allowing for detection of very similar sequences within the same genotype by means of variants of the same primer. The concept of degenerate primers is well known in the art. In nucleic acid sequences of degenerate oligonucleotides (primers) R is either A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, W is A or T, S is C or G, B is C, G or T, D is A, G or T, H is A, C or T, V is A, C or G, and N is A, C, G or T.

The concentration of said other primer is at least 100 times that of said selection primer and may be in the range of 100 to 0.01 μM, preferably 10-0.01 μM, and most preferred approximately 0.3 μM.

The second level, step b2) is a nucleic acid amplification utilizing a third group of primer pairs binding to each amplicon produced in step b1). This group of primer pairs, present in a concentration of at least 100 times, preferably between 100 and 100 000 times that of said selection primers in step b1), consists of a third set of one or more different forward primers and a third set of one or more different reverse primers. Each tagging sequence part of each selection primer is targeted by at least one primer from said third sets of primers, wherein said at least one primer forms a set of detection primers, and wherein each detection primer that binds to the tagging sequence part forms a primer pair together with another primer belonging to said third sets of primers but targeting said nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a). The detection primers preferably have:

-   -   i) a genotype-specific sequence corresponding to the artificial         one-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers,         wherein each detection primer is labelled with a         genotype-specific detectable label; or     -   ii) a non-genotype specific sequence which is common to all         detection primers and corresponds to the non-specific sequence         of the artificial two-piece tagging sequence part of the         selection primers, wherein each detection primer is optionally         labelled at the 5′-end with a detectable label or a chemical         moiety.

Step b2) results in detectable amplicons each containing a respective one of said N loci labelled with genotype specific tagging sequences and, optionally, genotype specific labels.

Said detection primers may be labelled with a label selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, luminescent labels, radiolabels, enzymatic labels, chromophores, such as Biosearch Blue™, Acridine, Coumarine, FAM, Rhodamine Green, TET Cal Fluor® Gold 540, JOE, VIC, HEX, CAL Fluor Orange 560, Quasar® 570, TAMRA, Rhodamine Red, CAL Fluor 590, Cy3.5, ROX, CAL Fluor Red 610, CAL Fluor REd 635, Pulsar(R) 650, Quasar 670, and Quasar 705, and one member of a binding pair, such as biotin and streptavidin.

The concentration of the primers belonging to said third group of primer pairs may be in the range of 100-0.01 μM, preferably of 10-0.01 μM, and most preferred approximately 0.3 μM.

In step c) the genotyping of said N loci of the target nucleic acid molecule is performed by:

-   -   c1) during, or optionally after, the amplification thereof         detecting each label comprised in each amplicon produced in step         b2i), and relating the predominant amount of detected label to a         specific genotype for each locus; or     -   c2) after amplification contacting each amplicon produced in         step b2ii) with a detection array of genotype specific         sequences, detecting the hybridization of each amplicon to the         array, and relating the detected hybridization to a specific         genotype for each locus.

The genotyping of step c1) may advantageously be performed by means of real-time PCR, but other amplification techniques obvious to the skilled person may also be conceivable. The genotyping of step c2) may advantageously be performed by means of a detection array such as a microarray assay, but other techniques known to the skilled may also be used.

One way of performing the genotyping of step c1) is by using detections primers which adjacent to a label in the 5′-end have an iso-dC nucleotide. The amplification is performed in the presence of dabcyl-iso-dGTP, and the detection in step c1) occurs when the dabcyl-iso-dGTP quenches label signals when incorporated opposite to iso-dC. In case the locus or loci to be genotyped correspond to two genotypes the difference between label signals may be calculated, in order to achieve a more robust assay. By monitoring the difference signal or the signal ratio from labelled primers, a straightforward positive-or-negative detection scheme allows swift and simple typing.

The proper conditions for amplification are well known in the art, and depend e.g on annealing temperature and time, type of buffer, additives, primer concentrations, number of cycles etc. and are well known to a person skilled in the art. The amplifications according to the method for genotyping is preferably stringent conditions.

The selection primers and detection primers may have sequences selected to minimize primer-primer interaction. This can be achieved e.g. by partially self complementary primers. Advantageously the artificial tagging sequence part of said selection primers has self complementary ends to form less than 10 base pairs, preferably of 3-7 base pairs, and most preferred 5 base pairs. One way of minimizing primer-primer interaction is by forming panhandle structure, see FIG. 4.

It is preferred that all primers used in the above method are constructed to have melting temperatures within a range of about 10° C., preferably 5° C., and more preferred 1° C. from each other.

In one embodiment of the method for genotyping said at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) corresponds to an artificial sequence tagging part introduced in the amplicons formed in step a) by means of said first set of primers, wherein said primers are bipartite and comprise an artificial 5′-tagging sequence, and a 3′-region binding to the target nucleic acid molecule. In another embodiment said at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) corresponds to genomic regions.

In one preferred embodiment said third set of primers used in step b2) binding to the at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) is the same as said second set of primers used in step b1) binding to the at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a). In another preferred embodiment said second set of primers used in step b1) binding to the at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) is the same as either first set of primers used in step a).

The selection primers and the detection primers may belong to said sets of forward primers or to said sets of reverse primers.

Each locus of said N loci corresponds to two or more genotypes, preferably two genotypes. These two genotypes may indicate high pathogenicity and low pathogenicity, respectively, of a microorganism whose genome contains said locus. The two genotypes may also correspond to the presence or absence of a locus, indicating e.g. antimicrobial resistance and non-resistance, respectively of microorganisms. The presence or absence of a locus could e.g. indicate resistance to antibiotics. The microorganism may be a virus, such as an influenza virus, a bacteria. etc.

Step a), b1) and b2) may be carried out in the same reaction tube, may be carried out in separate reaction tubes or with any of the steps a), b1) and b2) carried out in a separate reaction tube but the other two steps in the same reaction tube. When carrying out two steps in the same reaction tube, a multicompartment tube may be used, such as the one described in WO2006066245(A2).

FIGS. 2 and 3 show embodiments of step b), wherein bipartite selection primers having an artificial two-piece tagging sequence are exemplified in FIG. 2 and bipartite selection primers having an artificial one-piece tagging sequence are exemplified in FIG. 3.

In one embodiment of the method for genotyping one specific locus, a cleavage site in an avian influenza virus, is genotyped. Said cleavage site will upon cleaving confer high pathogenicity and low pathogenicity, respectively, to the virus. Hence the high and low pathogenicity corresponds to two genotypes. A primer pair is used in step a) which consists of primers comprising the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 58, or of primers comprising the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 56. The selection primers of step b1) are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 55, whereas the detection primers comprise the sequences of SEQ ID NO:s 60 and 61. In a preferred embodiment thereof said detection primers have an iso-dC nucleotide adjacent to the label in the 5′ end, and the amplification of step b2) is performed in the presence of dabcyl-iso-dGTP, wherein the dabcyl-iso-dGTP quenches label signals when incorporated opposite to iso-dC.

Considering the serious epidemiological threat posed by highly pathogenic influenza viruses worldwide, the method of the invention is exemplified by an avian influenza pathotyping assay, where the sample is interrogated for almost 400 different cleavage sites in two large sets of genomic sequences. However the method should also be useful in all areas of genomic research where similar problems occur.

An avian influenza pathotyping assay for all avian influenza viruses isolated to date in the Eastern hemisphere has been constructed. The method relies on a semi-nested PCR construct that, in the case of the AIV pathotyping assay, allows almost a 400-plex interrogation of the sample, which covers all relevant sequence variants that, according to our knowledge, have occurred in the Eastern hemisphere to date. The high level of multiplexing is only effective during the recognition event and is reduced to a two-color real-time PCR detection by the use of universal fluorogenic panhandle primers. It is shown that the method provides a fast and simple alternative to DNA sequencing, which can be implemented for large sample screening or on portable PCR machines for field diagnostics.

Occurrence of cleavage sites characteristic for high- or low-pathogenic viruses is indicated by a positive or negative fluorescence ratio signal, respectively. It is shown that the assay concept is extensible, versatile, robust and highly efficient. Proteolytic posttranslational cleavage is a common requirement for virus activation and frequently coupled to pathogenicity. Thus, the assay technique should find broad application in basic viral research as well and diagnostic applications and in general typing applications in all fields of genomics. Avian influenza virus pathotyping amounts to the problem of discriminating all RNA sequences leading to the amino acid motif: R/K-X-R/K-R from all other possible nucleotide sequences. This is a formidable probing problem considering that more than 18,000 nucleic acid sequences can result in this series of amino acids. For this reason, AIV pathotyping is typically done by DNA sequencing rather than probe based assays⁷. From all geographic locations, excluding the Americas, in early 2009 isolates of the H5 and H7 subtypes had been discovered with about 240 unique cleavage site sequences as evidenced by their presence in the NCBI databank²¹. However, this number steadily increases due to the immunological pressure from the broad spectrum of host species that may harbor influenza viruses, leading to alterations in the surface exposed glycoproteins, notably the haemagglutinin protein, which determines pathogenicity.

To solve this problem we exploited a novel strategy for highly multiplexed DNA sequence interrogation of a sample by separation of the recognition and detection events in a two-level PCR system construct. By lowering the concentration of the sequence recognizing primers (the selection primers) thousand times, we were able to design a 380-plex primer mixture for recognition of the whole set of existing cleavage sites (the oversampling is due to the use of degenerate primers producing some sequence not so far discovered in nature). The lowering of the concentration of the selection primers is made possible by pre-amplifying the target and effectively reverse the recognition event. The detection is linked to the pathogenicity of the cleavage site via two Plexor® primers¹⁷ with different fluorescent labels and sequence, which target the artificial 5″-regions of the two sets of bipartite selection primers that in turn targets low- and high-pathogenic cleavage sites. By using a duplex real-time PCR format, the pathotyping reaction can be carried out in a single tube and we allow the two sets of cleavage site recognizing primers (the selection primers) to compete for binding to the target (i.e., the cleavage site). In this way, we avoid requiring absolute specificity of the assay, it is sufficient that a cleavage site of a sample under investigation is more similar to one or the other of the two sets of selection primers to deduce the pathogenicity. We find it convenient to monitor the ratio signal obtained from the two detection primers to determine the preferential amplification of one of the sets of selection primers over the other. Furthermore, by giving the detection primers self-complementary ends (panhandle primers) spurious priming and non-specific signals were greatly suppressed. The mechanism here is different from previous investigators' use of the panhandle concept, who either used chimerical primers with universal 5′-end region to suppress primer dimers⁹ or universal ligated adaptor sequences to suppress spurious priming on the target¹⁰. In the present case, the primers themselves form panhandles. The strong intra- and inter-molecular base pairings that will be formed by the panhandle primers protect the 3∝-end and compete out alternative pairing schemes that could provide a substrate for the DNA polymerase. In addition, we speculate that the panhandle shaped 5′-end of the bipartite selection primers could work as a charge load that repel other primers leading to decreased interactions between primers. Attempts to construct the detection primers from structure free DNA word sets²², were unsuccessful since these primers seemed to easier initiate priming within the selection primer set (data not shown). It is interesting to note that one of the first studies utilizing universal primer tags in multiplex PCR also used a universal primer that could form a hairpin structure with five GC-base pairs²³.

The present strategy provides a remarkably effective and robust assay for avian influenza virus pathotyping. All isolates carrying cleavage site sequences that had been accounted for in the selection primer sets were correctly pathotyped. Only when either the pre-amplification failed or when novel cleavage sites were encountered, did the assay fail. The assay is very flexible since new selection primers easily can be added when viruses with novel cleavage sites emerge and any pre-amplification primers can be used as long as they encompass the cleavage site. It must be emphasized that the pathotyping assay is not a detection assay requiring thorough optimization for appropriate sensitivity. This makes the assay very robust and insensitive to the exact PCR temperature profile used and the purity and concentration of the primers. These requirements are instead shifted to the pre-amplification system. Although the selection primers are about twice as long as normal primers and a set of 55 degenerate selection primers were used in the present study, the additional cost for the pathotyping assay is negligible. This is due to the dilution by a factor of thousand compared to a typical primer concentration which reduces the cost per reaction for the whole set of 55 primers to only ten percent of the cost of a single conventional primer. Since the assay relies on a semi-nested format, carry-over contaminations could be an issue. However, the inherent insensitivity of the pathotyping assay with a three orders of magnitude lower concentration of the sequence recognizing primers makes the assay much less prone to this problem than conventional nested PCR approaches.

This pathotyping assay provides new opportunities for avian influenza surveillance and diagnostics, since it has the capacity to substitute the currently used expensive, cumbersome and time-consuming sequencing procedures and to enable faster diagnostics with the advantage of simplified sample transportation to field laboratories in the vicinity of the outbreaks. The method should also be ideal for implementation on portable PCR machines even without real-time reading due to the simple positive/negative signal readout that can be used to differentiate the pathotypes. Another application is the high throughput screening by multiplex interrogation for sequences of interest. Although we in the present study have exemplified the assay strategy with avian influenza virus pathotyping, proteolytic posttranslational cleavage is a common requirement for virus activation and, for example, for the Newcastle virus and the Sendai virus cleavage has been connected to pathogenicity^(1,2). Considering the illustrated strengths, it is supposed that this technique will find a broad applicability in basic and in applied virology, in central diagnostic institutes as well as simply equipped field laboratories. Furthermore, the method provides novel means for a wide range of general typing applications in all fields of genomic biotechnology.

Any other use of the inventive method for typing of large sets of genomic sequences is also conceivable, such as for differentiation between bacteria showing antibiotic resistance and non-resistance, respectively.

In a second aspect the invention relates to a kit for performing the above method for genotyping, comprising a first group of primer pairs consisting of a first set of one or more different forward primers and a first set of one or more different reverse primers for performance of the pre-amplification step a) of the method, a second group of primer pairs consisting of a second set of one or more different forward primers and a second set of one or more different reverse primers, one second set of which forms a set of selection primers, wherein the selection primers are bipartite and have at the 3′-end a locus recognition sequence part and at the 5′-end an artificial one-piece tagging sequence part being genotype specific or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, one piece thereof being genotype specific and the other one being non-genotype specific, for performance of the first level amplification of step b1) of the method; a third group of primer pairs consisting of a third set of one or more different forward primers and a third set of one or more different reverse primers, one third set of which forms a set of detection primers, wherein the detection primers either have a genotype-specific sequence corresponding to the artificial one-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers or a non-genotype specific sequence common to each detection primer and corresponding to the non-specific sequence of the artificial two-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers, for performance of the second level amplification of step b2) of the method, wherein the detection primers are optionally labelled at the 5′ end with a label or a chemical moiety, and optionally other ingredients of a nucleic acid amplification reaction mixture.

It is advantageous for said selection primers or detection primers to have sequences selected to minimize primer-primer interaction. This may be achieved by providing primers with self complementary ends that form less than 10, more preferably 3-7 and most preferred 5 base pairs. The self complementary ends may form panhandles, as described earlier.

The detection primers are preferably labelled with a label or chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, luminescent labels, enzymatic labels, radio labels, chromophores and one member of a binding pair, such as biotin or streptavidin. Examples include Biosearch Blue™, Acridine, Coumarine, FAM, Rhodamine Green, TET Cal Fluor® Gold 540, JOE, VIC, HEX, CAL Fluor Orange 560, Quasar® 570, TAMRA, Rhodamine Red, CAL Fluor 590, Cy3.5, ROX, CAL Fluor Red 610, CAL Fluor REd 635, Pulsar(R) 650, Quasar 670, and Quasar 705.

In one embodiment said third set of forward primers is the same as said second set of forward primers, or said third set of reverse primers is the same as said second set of reverse primers. In another embodiment said second set of forward primers is the same as said first set of forward primers, or said second set of reverse primers is the same as said first set of reverse primers.

In one preferred embodiment for performing genotyping of avian influenza virus, the kit comprises the first sets of primers comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 58, or the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 56, selection primers chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 55, and detection primers chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NO:s 60 and 61.

The kit may include detection primers comprising an iso-dC nucleotide adjacent to the label in the 5′ end, and the nucleic acid amplification reaction mixture then comprises dabcyl-iso-dGTP.

In a third aspect the invention relates to a method for designing and producing selection primers to be used in the method for genotyping or in the kit for performing the genotyping method. The method comprises the following steps a) to g). Steps a) to e) is preferably performed by means of one or several computer programs.

In step a) a large number of nucleic acid molecule sequences of interest are aligned, which comprise at least one locus. In step b) the the aligned nucleic acid molecules sequences are merged by means of a computer program with profile alignment function. The aligned nucleic acid molecules sequences are in step c) trimmed to oligonucleotides having between 20 and 50 nucleotides, preferably between 30 and 40 nucleotides, more preferred 35 oligonucleotides, covering said locus, and in step d) the length of said oligonucleotides of step c), is adjusted to achieve similar melting temperatures for all of said oligonucleotides. The melting temperatures of said oligonucleotides are preferably within an interval of about 10° C., preferably within 5° C., more preferred within 1° C. Step e) refers to the grouping of said oligonucleotides into degenerate primers, and step f) refers to the synthesizing of said degenerate primers while adding to the 5′ end of the primers an artificial one-piece tagging sequence part that is genotype-specific or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, wherein one piece thereof is genotype specific and the other one is non-genotype specific. Finally, in step g) selection primer product of step f) is recovered.

The artificial tagging sequence part of the selections primers may have a sequence selected to minimize primer-primer interaction, e.g. by being self complementary to form less than 10, more preferably 3-7 and most preferred 5 base pairs.

The nucleic acid molecule sequences of step a) preferably originate from a microorganism, such as a virus, bacteria, etc. The nucleic acid molecule sequences of step a) may e.g. originate from influenza virus and the target nucleic acid sequence of interest may e.g. be the haemagglutinin precursor protein cleavage site. This cleavage site correponds to two genotypes representing high pathogenicity and low pathogenicity according to criteria known in the art. The pathogenicity is conferred to the virus upon cleavage of said cleavage site.

The nucleic acid molecule sequences of step a) originating from a bacterial species may, besides chromosomal DNA, include mobile elements such as plasmids, transposons, resistance cassettes and virulence genes, and the genotyping will include determination of existence and nature or non-existence of these elements as well as genotyping of chromosomal loci.

In a fourth aspect the invention relates to a method for producing detection primers to be used in the method for genotyping or in the kit for performing the genotyping method. This method comprises the steps of synthesizing nucleic acids molecules having sequences which correspond to the genotype specific artificial one-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers, or correspond to the non-genotype specific sequence common to each detection primer and corresponding to the non-specific sequence of the artificial two-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers. The detection primers are optionally labelled at the 5′ end with a label or a chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of fluorophores, luminescent labels, enzymatic labels, chromophores, radio labels and one member of a binding pair, such as biotin or streptavidin. Examples include Biosearch Blue™, Acridine, Coumarine, FAM, Rhodamine Green, TET Cal Fluor® Gold 540, JOE, VIC, HEX, CAL Fluor Orange 560, Quasar® 570, TAMRA, Rhodamine Red, CAL Fluor 590, Cy3.5, ROX, CAL Fluor Red 610, CAL Fluor REd 635, Pulsar(R) 650, Quasar 670, and Quasar 705.

In a fifth aspect the invention relates to selection primers adapted for genotyping of loci in a target nucleic acid molecule, wherein each locus is located in a respective genotype marker region of the nucleic acid molecule, and corresponds to two or more genotypes. The selection primers comprise at the 3′-end a locus recognition sequence part and at the 5′-end an artificial one-piece genotype specific tagging sequence part or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, in which one piece is genotype specific and the other one is non-genotype specific.

In one embodiment the part of the selection primers that will cover a locus of interest has a length of 15 to 50 nucleotides, preferably 15 to 30 nucleotides, and more preferred 23 nucleotides. Selection primers are preferred that yield an average melting temperature of approximately 60° C. In another embodiment the selection primers comprise the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 55.

In a sixth aspect the invention relates to a computer program product for designing selection primers. The computer program product comprises computer readable instructions that are directly downloadable into the internal memory of a computer. These readable instructions are adapted to induce the computer to design the selection primers according to the invention.

The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, the invention in any manner, shape, or form, either explicitly or implicitly.

EXAMPLE 1 Viral RNA Extraction

Viral RNA was extracted from all isolates except the EU AI PCR Proficiency Panel 2008, using the MagAttract Virus Mini M48 Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in the Magnatrix 8000+ extraction robot (NorDiag AB, Hägersten, Sweden) according to the manufacturer's protocol. A sample volume of 100 μl of each virus isolate was used and eluted in 70 μl RNase-free water containing 0.04% sodium azide and used immediately or otherwise stored at −70° C. until use. The EU AI PCR Proficiency Panel 2008 was extracted by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples from the Freidrich-Löffler-Institute (FLI) and the Epizone AI RNA Panel 2009 were obtained as extracted RNA.

Reverse Transcription and Pre-Amplification

Reverse transcription of the extracted RNA and DNA pre-amplification of all H5 and H7 samples utilized the H5-kha-1/H5-kha-3 and GK7.3/GK7.4, primers, respectively, as recommended by the EU reference laboratories⁷. Both PCR systems were performed in 25 μl reaction volumes using the OneStep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) with primers at 1 μM concentrations and adding 2.5 μl of the extracted viral RNA in each reaction. The cycling conditions for the H5-kha-1/H5-kha-3 PCR system were: 30 min reverse transcription at 50° C.; 15 min enzyme activation/deactivation at 96° C.; 40 cycles of: 96° C. for 10 sec, 58° C. for 30 sec, 68° C. for 30 sec; and a final extension step at 68° C. for 7 min. The cycling conditions for GK7.3/GK7.4 were: 30 min reverse transcription at 50° C.; 15 min enzyme activation/deactivation at 95° C.; 35 cycles of: 94° C. for 30 sec, 52° C. for 30 sec, 72° C. for 45 sec; and a final extension step at 72° C. for 4 min and 15 sec. All amplifications were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis using pre-cast E-gel 2% with ethidium bromide (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and visualized under UV-light. The expected amplicons sizes were 300-320 and 200-220 for H5 and H7 amplifications, respectively. A subset of samples were reverse transcribed and pre-amplified with a One-Step reactions utilizing universal primers designed to amplify all AIV subtypes as previously described²⁰, with the exception that the 5′-end overhang sequences of the reverse primers used for the purpose of sequencing in the original study were removed.

Primer Design

All H5 and H7 haemagglutinin gene sequences derived from isolates outside of the Americas and available at the NCBI influenza virus resources²¹ were collected in February 2009 amounting to 2305 sequences. The sequences were divided in four sets: H5N1; all other H5; H7N1+H7N3+H7N7; all other H7, which were separately aligned with Muscle 3.6²⁴ using default setting. Due to the large number of H5N 1 sequences, these sequences were divided in two sets that were aligned separately to reduce memory requirements. These two aligned sets were then merged with the profile alignment function of Muscle²⁴. The alignments were trimmed to 35-mers ending four bases downstream of the glycine codon of the cleavage site (R↓G) of HAO and redundant sequences were removed using Jalview 2.4²⁵. On the basis of these sequences primers were designed. The primers were manually adjusted to have a melting temperature close to 60° C., as calculated by the method by Rychlik et al.²⁶, by removing 3′- and 5′-end bases from the 35-mers as required while attempting to make the primers cover at least some of the nucleotides of the R↓G codons. This goal was in most cases achieved. After these adjustments occurrence of redundancy were removed again and, finally, 235 sequences remained. To reduce synthesis requirements, the sequences were manually grouped into degenerate primers. The degeneracy was limited to 32 and no adjustments of concentrations were done for the degenerate primers. After introduction of degeneracy, the total number sequences increased to 382 resulting from 55 primers (SEQ ID NOs 1-55). Primers targeting cleavage sites of the high-(32 primers) and low-(23 primers) pathogenic genotype carried a CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCG and a CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCG 5′-overhang, respectively. The four terminal GC-basepairs at each end of these overhangs are identical in the two sequences and are self-complementary while the remaining internal portion differs by one being the reverse sequence of the other. This group of 55 bipartite, partly degenerate, primers constitute the selection primer set, which interrogate the sample for 382 distinct cleavage site sequences. The Plexor® primers¹⁷ for detection of high- and low pathogenic cleavage sites, have the same sequence as the overhang part of the corresponding bipartite selection primers but are labeled at the 5′-end with FAM and CAL Orange-560, respectively. The reverse primers used in the two-level pathotyping assay are common for both levels and identical to the reverse primers of the pre-amplification systems used. However, although the pre-amplification systems are separate for H5 (H5-kha-1/H5-kha-3) and H7 (GK7.3/GK7.4) the reverse primers are co-added in the pathotyping assay into a single reaction mixture.

Real-Time PCR Experiments

All selection primer concentrations were 0.3 nM and detection and reverse primer concentrations were 0.3 μM. Selection primers were obtained desalted and dissolved in water at 100 μM from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification. Plexor® primers were obtained from Biosearch Technologies (Novato, Calif.) and the Plexor® qPCR System reagents from Promega (Madison, Wis.). All real-time PCR experiments were carried out on RotorGene 3000 instruments (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). The default FAM and JOE channels were used to excite and acquire the signal from the FAM and CAL Orange-560 labelled primers, respectively. Using the RotorGene 3000 standard software analysis tools the raw JOE channel signals were normalized against the raw FAM channel signals and a baseline correction were made. The amplification was achieved by 30 cycles of: 10 sec at 95° C., 15 sec at 50° C. and 20 sec at 72° C., following an initial hold time of 3 min at 95° C.

DNA Sequencing

PCR-products from the pre-amplification were treated with Exonuclease/Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (ExoSAP-IT) (USB Corporation, Staufen, Germany) at 37° C. for 15 min to degrade remaining primers and nucleotides and before use in cycle sequencing with the Big Dye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Reaction volumes were 5 μl with 7.5 pmol of each primers H5-kha-1/H5-kha-3 and GK7.3/GK7.4 for H5 and H7 subtype samples, respectively. The cycling conditions were: 25 cycles of 96° C. for 15 sec, 50° C. for 10 sec and 60° C. for 2 min. The products were purified by using Montage SEQ96 Sequencing Reaction Cleanup Kit (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Mass.) and subsequently analyzed on an ABI Prism 3130x1 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Sequence data were analyzed and edited with the DNAstar software package (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.)

Results

With the goal to achieve highly multiplexed interrogation of a sample for detection of distinct sequences that fall into two categories, a three-level semi-nested PCR assay construct was devised (FIG. 4). The assay exhibits four salient features. First, a larger genomic region encompassing the region under investigation is pre-amplified by PCR. Consequently, the assay requires that known conserved primer regions exist on either site of the sequence segment under investigation. For the subsequent actual pathotyping PCR assay, the vast increase of the amount of template by PCR, allows the primer concentration to be lowered, which will permit a high degree of multiplexing since interactions between primers will be suppressed. In fact, under the assay conditions, the template concentration may be higher than that of the target recognizing primers and there is a reverse recognition event. In contrast to most PCR assays, the target recognizing primers directly bind to the region of interest by design, i.e., to the cleavage site, and “probe” the nature of the binding region. However, the low concentration of the target recognizing primers prohibits detection of the amplification product of these primers directly. For his reason these primers are bipartite with a 5′-region which is independent of the target but of two different kinds depending of the nature of the sequence recognizing part of the primers (in our case high- or low-pathogenic cleavage sites). Corresponding to each of the two artificial sequence portions of the target recognizing bipartite primers, i.e., sharing the same sequence, is an additional primer that in contrast to the bipartite primers are at high concentration and also carries a fluorescent label. Thus, the second outstanding feature of the assay is a two-level PCR system with bipartite sequence recognition primers, which upon recognition of the target DNA will be extended and form the target for the second set of target independent artificial primers at high concentration. We denote the former selection primers since the target will select which set of primers are extended, and the latter detection primers. Note that all three PCR systems, the pre-amplification system and the two-level pathotyping system, utilize the same reverse primer and that in total, together with the pre-amplification PCR, there is a three-level PCR system. To reduce self-interactions and spurious priming the detection primers and thus the 5′-regions of the selection primers were given a “panhandle” structure. The extensive secondary structures formed within the primers constitute the third novel feature of the assay and is in stark contrast to conventional primer design since both intramolecular and intermolecular structures can be formed. However, all these structures serve the purpose of protecting the 3′-end and to, in the case of the selection primers, constitute a “charge load” that will repel other primers and minimize primer self-interactions. Finally, the fourth characteristic property of the assay concerns the means of detecting and analyzing the amplification product. The detection principle relies on preferential amplification of one of the sets of PCR products stemming from the selection primers over the other. This is assessed by labeling the two detection primers with a distinct fluorophor (FAM and CAL orange-560 in the pathotyping assay) and measure the the difference or the ratio of the signals in real-time. Since the assay contains no probes, the Plexor® fluorogenic primer technology was used for detection¹⁷. In contrast to most real-time PCR technologies, the fluorescence decreases upon extension of the primers in the Plexor® technology¹⁷. In the AIV pathotyping assay the signal from the detection primer for low pathogenicity is divided by the signal from the detection primer for high pathogenicity. Consequently, a sample containing an avian influenza virus exhibiting high pathogenicity will yield a positive signal while low pathogenic viruses will yield negative signals.

In February 2009, all unique cleavage site sequences from the Eastern hemisphere (or rather the whole world except the Americas) available at the NCBI database were compiled. It was found that 31 and 22 degenerate selection primers detecting high- and low-pathogenic cleavage sites, respectively, could account for all existing cleavage sites in the geographical region to which the study had been limited. This set of 53 degenerate primers covered in total 380 sequences. Subsequently, two more primers were added (see below). All primers were designed to, at least to some extent, cover the R↓G codons with their 3′-end and have a melting temperature close to 60° C. The adjustable parameters were the length of the primers and small shift relative to the cleavage site. The average melting temperature of the sets of high- and low-pathogenic primers were 59.7° C. (SD=1.7° C.; N=152) and 60.1° C. (SD=1.9° C.; N=230). The distribution of melting temperatures and primer lengths are given in FIG. 9. The concentrations of the selection and detection primers were 0.3 nM and 0.3 μM, respectively.

To make the pathotyping strategy devised in the present investigation compatible with current procedures for avian influenza diagnostics in the EU, the primers used for H5 and H7 AIV detection and cleavage site sequencing by the EU central reference laboratories (CRLs)^(7,18) were used for pre-amplification. Although the CRL PCR primers for detection of H5 and H7 subtypes are different, a single mastermix was used for all pathotyping reactions since the reverse primers from the two systems were co-added. The pathotype of all investigated isolates had been determined previously by nucleotide sequencing or was sequenced in the present study (Table 1). In FIG. 5 the amplification curves for isolates of high and low pathogenicity are shown with full and dashed lines, respectively. From FIG. 5 a it is clear that all 23 H5 isolates are correctly pathotyped with the present assay while it is seen from FIG. 5 b that two of the 19 H7 isolates are incorrectly pathotyped as high-pathogenic (A/mallard/123455/08 (H7N7) and A/mallard/100993/08 (H7N7)). However, these recent isolates with a novel cleavage site was not included in the initial design of the pathotyping assay. We will show later that a particular strength of the present assay strategy is a simple and straightforward extensibility to account for the emergence of novel isolates with previously unseen cleavage sites. To further challenge the pathotyping assay, the CRL distributed ring trial for 2008 were tested (FIG. 6). All pathotyping results obtained from the panel samples were consistent with cleavage site sequences (Table 1 and Table 2). Note that the virus A/chicken/Italy/99 (H7N1) exists in both a high- and a low-pathogenic variant. This corresponds to a pathogenicity conversion of this virus by mutations in the cleavage site region¹⁹.

Avian influenza virus genomes are extremely variable, in particular, the genes that are surface exposed. e.g., the haemagglutinin gene that largely accounts for pathogenicity. For this reason, it is important that a method for determination of pathogenicity is able to, in a simple way, account for new emerging virus variants. For determination of AIV pathogenicity, no such method has existed and the diagnostic practice has settled for DNA sequencing. In FIG. 7 four different isolates, including A/mallard/ 123455/08 (H7N7) and A/mallard/ 100993/08 (H7N7) incorrectly pathotyped in FIG. 5, are shown amplified with the original set of selection primers and an extended set including a selection primer accounting for the novel cleavage site carried by the 2008 H7N7 isolates (curves with crosses). It can be seen that the two H7N7 isolates (grey, arrowed curves) are selectively affected by the new primers and turn from positive signal (high-pathogenic) to negative signal (low-pathogenic) while the other two isolates remain virtually unaffected by the added primers. Thus, the assay can be very easily extended simply by adding new selection primers as required.

The pathotyping assay relies on successful pre-amplification. However, it was recently reported²⁰ that the recommended CRL primers⁷ were unable to amplify for instance A/duck/Alberta/48/76 (H7N3) and we observed that these primers also were unable to amplify A/equine/Prague/ 1/56 (H7N7). New primers (pan-HA) were designed by Gall and colleagues to provide universal amplification for subsequent pathotyping by sequencing²⁰. A further illustration of the flexibility of the present assay construct is provided by FIG. 8 where we instead of using the CRL primers have carried out the pre-amplification with the pan-HA primers and then, consequently, also used the pan-HA reverse primers as reverse primers in the pathotyping reaction, but otherwise kept all component of the pathotyping assay intact. It is seen in FIG. 8 that all isolates are correctly pathotyped including the A/duck/Alberta/48/76 (H7N3) and A/equine/Prague/ 1/56 (H7N7) isolates. The signal from A/duck/Alberta/48/76 (H7N3) appears quite weak since the closest match among the selection primers contains three mismatches. Since A/duck/Alberta/48/76 (H7N3) is a North American isolate, the sequence was not specifically accounted for in the design of the selection primers.

EXAMPLE 2 Extended Set of AIV Primers Covering All Isolates in the World Viral RNA Extraction

The viral RNA was obtained extracted from the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Reverse Transcription and Pre-Amplification

Reverse transcription of the extracted RNA and DNA pre-amplification of the American H5 samples utilized the forward primer prfH5WH and the reverse primer prrH5WH, respectively (Table 4). The PCR systems were performed in 25 μl reaction volumes using the OneStep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) with primers at 1 μM concentrations and adding 2.5 μl of the extracted viral RNA in each reaction. The cycling condition was: 30 min reverse transcription at 50° C.; 15 min enzyme activation/deactivation at 96° C.; 40 cycles of: 96° C. for 10 sec, 58° C. for 30 sec, 68° C. for 30 sec; and a final extension step at 68° C. for 7 min. All amplifications were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis using pre-cast E-gel 2% with ethidium bromide (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and visualized under UV-light. The expected amplicons sizes was 300-320.

Primer Design

Primers were designed as described above. The selection primer set was extended to include also cleavage sites from isolates from the western hemisphere (all cleavage sites in the whole world found in the ncbi database at the end of December 2009). The number of degenerate selection primers was 80 (Table 3) amounting to 468 unique primers. The detection primers were the same used in the original primer set (see above) and the reverse primers were prrH5EH, prrH5WH prrH7EH and prrH7WH. (Table 4)

Real-Time PCR Experiments

All selection primer concentrations were 0.3 nM and detection and reverse primer concentrations were 0.25 μM. Selection primers were obtained desalted and dissolved in water at 100 μM from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification. Plexor® primers were obtained from Biosearch Technologies (Novato, Calif.) and the Plexor® qPCR System reagents from Promega (Madison, Wis.). All real-time PCR experiments were carried out on RotorGene 6000 instruments (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). The default FAM and JOE channels were used to excite and acquire the signal from the FAM and CAL Orange-560 labelled primers, respectively. Using the RotorGene 3000 standard software analysis tools the raw JOE channel signals were divided by the corresponding raw FAM channels signals and the resulting signals were baseline corrected by subtraction of the average value of the first five PCR cycles from all fluorescence difference values. The amplification was achieved by 30 cycles of: 10 sec at 95° C., 15 sec at 52° C. and 20 sec at 72° C., following an initial hold time of 3 min at 95° C.

Results

It can be seen from FIG. 10 that H7 isolates (thin lines in FIG. 10) did not give significant signals and behaved as the negative control (thin line with cross). Highly pathogenic American H5 isolates (thick lines; full) and a low pathogenic isolate with cleavage site signifying highly pathogenic isolates (thick line; long dash) gave positive F(JOE)/F(FAM) signals while low pathogenic American H5 isolates gave negative signals (think line; short dash).

EXAMPLE 3 NDV Pathotyping RNA Extraction and Pre-Amplification

RNA was extracted from the allantoic fluids of the NDV infected embryonated eggs by using MagAttract Virus Mini M48 kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions with the Magnatrix 8000 extraction robot (Magnetic Biosolutions, Sweden). RNA was recovered in 70 μl of nuclease-free water and either used immediately or stored at −80° C.

OneStep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were used for RNA transcription and pre-amplification for all NDV strains, using NDV P1F and P2R sequencing primers (Table 7). The RT-PCR were performed in 250 reaction volume containing 0.6 μM of each primers and 2.5 μl of extracted RNA. The Cycling profile was 60° C., 30 min; 95.C, 15 min; and 40 cycles of (94° C., 20 sec; 60° C., 15 sec; 72° C., 15 sec) and a final extension 72° C. for 10 min. PCR products were detected by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis after staining with ethidium-bromide (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and visualized under UV-light. The expected amplicon product size was 362 bp.

Primer Design

NCBI search for nucleotide sequences of NDV Fusion genes (F) from March 2010 gave a result of 2757 sequences by using a computer program CLC Main Workbench 5 (CLC bio A/S, Aarhus, Denmark). Due to the huge number of NDV sequences, they were divided into 5 groups according the years of registration in the NCBI GenBank, the sequences were aligned separately by the CLC Main Workbench 5. The size of the sequences were reduced to 30-mers covering the cleavage site of the F gene which include residue 117 of the N terminus of the F1 protein which is phenylalanine (F) as a marker for virulence for the mesogenic and velogenic strains (R▾F) and leusine (L) as a marker for low virulence for lenogenic strains (R▾L). Redundant sequences were removed by using Jalview 2.6. 251 unique cleavage site remained. That were accounted for by 68 primers (Table 6). The Plexor® primers for detection of high- and low pathogenic cleavage sites, have the same sequence as the overhang part of the corresponding bipartite selection primers but are labeled at the 5′-end with FAM and CAL Orange-560, respectively. The reverse primer used in the two-level pathotyping assay are the same reverse primer of the pre-amplification systems used.

Real-Time PCR Experiments

Selection primers were obtained desalted and dissolved in water at 100 μM (Sigma-Aldrich, Haverhill, UK. All selection primer concentrations were 0.3 nM and detection and reverse primer concentrations were 0.3 μM. Plexor® primers were obtained from Biosearch Technologies (Novato, Calif.) and the Plexor® qPCR System reagents from Promega (Madison, Wis.). All real-time PCR experiments were carried out on RotorGene 3000 instruments (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). The default FAM and JOE channels were used to excite and acquire the signal from the FAM and CAL Orange-560 labelled primers, respectively. The amplification was achieved by 30 cycles of: 10 sec at 95° C., 15 sec at 55° C. and 20 sec at 72° C., following an initial hold time of 3 min at 95° C. in a 25 pl reaction volume.

DNA Sequencing

Many samples that had been used in the pathotyping are without identity for this reason PCR-products from the pre-amplification were sequenced. Big Dye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) were used. Reaction volumes were 20 μl with 1.8 μl (2 pmol) of each primers, 2 μl of the big dye mix and 2 μl of the PCR-product. The cycling condition were: 25 cycles of 96° C. for 15 sec, 50° C. for 10 sec and 60° C. for 2 min. The products were purified by using Montage SEQ96 Sequencing Reaction Cleanup Kit (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Mass.) and subsequently analyzed on an ABI Prism 3130x1 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). Sequence data were analyzed by CLC Main Workbench 5.

Results

In FIG. 11 the amplification curves are displayed as the normalized ratio of the fluorescence signal in two channels (‘JOE’/‘FAM’) obtained with Plexor® detection primers for pathotyping of Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). Mesogenic (long dash) and velogenic (full line) strains are considered highly pathogenic and lentogenic (short dash) isolates are low pathogenic. The experiments for pathotyping of the isolates indicated in the figure were run using the 252 selection primer set. The pathogenicity of 25 isolates was previously known in the literature, the other 5 isolates (SD2C2, SA1C, LK2p, WARW and MX4) the cleavage sites were sequenced. The assay is constructed to yield positive signal for high pathogenicity and negative signal for low pathogenicity. All 30 isolates were correctly pathotyped.

TABLE 1 Cleavage sites of investigated H5 AIV isolates Name Cleavage site sequence^(a) ST^(b) PT^(b) Origin A/turkey/England/250/07 agccctcaaggagagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP VLA^(c) A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 agccctcaaggagagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP VLA A/mallard/Italy/3401/05 ggactcaggaatgttcctcaaagagaaacaaga↓ggg H5N1 LP VLA A/eagle owl/Sweden/V618/06 agccctcaaggagagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP SVA^(c) A/Cygnus cygnus/Germany/R65/06 agccctcaaggagagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP FLI^(c) A/cat/Germany/R606/06 agccctcaaggagagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP FLI A/chicken/Indonesien/R 134/03 agccctcaaagagagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP FLI A/teal/Germany/Wv632/05 ggacccaggaatgtccctcaaaaagaaacaaga↓gga H5N1 LP FLI A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-O1/05 aatagccctcaaagagagagaaggaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP FLI A/duck/Vietnam/AG40-O2/05 aatagccctcaaagagagagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP FLI A/chicken/Vietnam/P78/05 aatagccctcaaagagagagaagaagaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP FLI A/ostrich/Denmark/72420/96 Unknown H5N2 LP SVA A/chicken/Italy/Matrico/L7/04/97 ggactcaggaatgtccctcagagagagacgaga↓gga H5N2 LP IZS-Ve^(c) A/mallard/Denmark/53-130/06^(d) Unknown H5N2 LP VLA A/chicken/Italy/8/98 aggaatgtccctcaaagaagaagaaaaaaaaga↓gga H5N2 HP FLI A/mallard/Germany/Wv1310-13K/03 cagagagaaacaaga↓gga^(d) H5N2 LP FLI A/teal/Germany/Wv1378-79K/03 Unknown H5N2 LP FLI A/teal/England/7394-2805/06 Unknown H5N3 LP SVA A/mallard/Sweden/S90-436/05 Unknown H5N3 LP SVA A/mallard/Sweden/1174/05 ggactcaggaatgtccctcagagagagacgaga↓gga H5N3 LP SVA A/mallard/Germany/r2557/06^(e) Unknown H5N3 LP VLA A/duck/Potsdam/2216/84 gggcttaggaatgttcctcaaagagagacaaga↓ggt H5N6 LP FLI A/duck/Denmark/64650/03 ggactcaggaatgtccctcaaaaagaaacaaga↓gga H5N7 LP SVA EU Ring Test 2008^(f) A/teal/England/06 ggactcaggaatgtccctcaaaaagaaacaaga↓gga H5N3 LP VLA A/turkey/England/2614/07 agccctcaaggggagagaagaagaaaaaagaga↓gga H5N1 HP VLA A/Q-meesia/England/05 aatagtcctccaagagaaagaagaagaaaaaga↓gga H5N1 HP VLA ^(a)From NCBI. ^(b)ST, subtype; PT, pathotype. ^(c)VLA, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, UK; SVA, National Veterinary Institute, Sweden; FLI, Freidrich-Löffler Institute, Germany; IZS-Ve, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Italy. ^(d)From Fereidouni, S. R. et al. J. Virol Methods 154, 14-19 (2008).. ^(e)From the 2009 AIV Epizone panel. ^(f)Sequenced at SVA, Sweden.

TABLE 2 Cleavage sites of investigated H7 AIV isolates Name Cleavage site sequence^(a) ST^(b) PT^(b) Origin A/african starling/England/983/79 atgaagaacgttcccgaaattccaaaaggaaga↓ggc H7N1 LP VLA^(c) A/turkey/Italy/Matrico/L5/04/95 atgaagaatgttcccgaaattccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N1 LP IZS-Ve^(c) A/parrot/N. Ireland/VF-73-67/73 atgaagaacgttcctgaaattccaaaaggaaga↓ggc H7N1 LP AHS^(c) A/ostrich/Italy/984/00^(d) cccgaaattccaaaaggatcgcgtgtgaggaga↓ggc H7N1 HP VLA A/chicken/Brescia/19/02 gttcccgaacttcccaaaaaaagaagaaaaaga↓ggc H7N1 HP FLI^(c) A/FPV/Rostock/45/34 gttcccgaaccttccaaaaaaaggaaaaaaaga↓ggc H7N1 HP FLI A/chicken/England/1306/07^(d) atgaagaatgttcccgaaatcccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N2 LP VLA A/chicken/England/4054/06 atgaagaatgttcccgaaatcccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N3 LP VLA A/mallard/Föhr/Wv190/05 (H7N3) Unknown H7N3 LP FLI A/duck/Alberta/48/76 (H7N3) atgagaaatgtcccagaaaatccaaagaccaga↓gga H7N3 LP FLI A/turkey/England/647/77 atgaagaacgttcctgaaattccaaaagggaga↓ggc H7N7 LP VLA A/mallard/Sweden/S90-514/05 atgaagaatgttcccgaaatcccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N7 LP SVA^(c) A/mallard/Sweden/S90-599/05 atgaagaatgttcccgaaatcccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N7 LP SVA A/mallard/Sweden/S90-735/03 atgaagaatgttcccgaaatcccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N7 LP SVA A/mallard/Sweden/123455/08 Unknown H7N7 LP SVA A/mallard/Sweden/10093/08 atgaagaatgttcctgaaatcccaaagaaaaga↓ggc H7N7 LP SVA A/duck/Potsdam/13/80 Unknown H7N7 LP FLI A/FPV/dutch/27 gttcccgaactccccaaaaaaagaagaaaaaga↓ggc H7N7 HP FLI A/chicken/Taucha/79 Unknown H7N7 HP FLI A/equine/Prague/1/56 aaacaactaactcatcacatgcgcaaaaaaaga↓ggt H7N7 HP FLI EU Ring test 2008^(e) A/chicken/Pakistan/03 aacgttcctgaaactccaaaaagaagaaaaaga↓ggc H7N3 HP VLA A/chicken/Italy/99 (H7N1) atgaagaatgttcccgaaattccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N1 LP VLA A/chicken/England/07 (H7N2) atgaagaatgttcccgaaatcccaaagggaaga↓ggc H7N2 LP VLA A/chicken/Italy/99 (H7N1) cccgaaattccaaaaggatcgcgtgtgaggaga↓ggc H7N1 HP VLA ^(a)From NCBI. ^(b)ST, subtype; PT, pathotype. ^(c)VLA, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, UK; SVA, National Veterinary Institute, Sweden; FLI, Freidrich-Löffler Institute, Germany; IZS-Ve, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Italy; ^(d)From the 2009 AIV Epizone panel. ^(e)Sequenced at SVA, Sweden.

TABLE 3 Selection primers Avian Influenza Virus Designation SEQ ID NO Sequence fsHP01 1 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCAAGGAGARAGAARAAGAAAAAAGAG fsHP02 2 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAGGGGAGAGAAGAAGAAAAAAGAG fsHP03 3 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCTCAAAGAAAAAGAAAAACAAGAG fsHP28 4 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCAAAGAGARAGAAGAARRAAAAGARG fsHP29 5 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAGAGARAGAAGAARRAAGCGARG fsHP06 6 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGTCCCTCAAAGGAAGAAAAGAG fsHP30 7 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGAKARAAGAAGAAAAAAGMGAGG fsHP31 8 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGAKARAAGAAGAAAAAAGAGRGG fsHP32 9 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRGAGAKARAAGAAGAAARAARAGAGG fsHP33 10 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRGAGAKARAAGAAGAAAAARGARAGG fsHP37 11 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAGAGAGAAGAAGAAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP38 12 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCTCAAAGAAGAAAAAAAAGAGG fsHP08 13 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCTCAAAGAARAAGAAAAAARAGAGG fsHP09 14 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGATCGCGTGTGAGGAG fsHP10 15 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCAAAAAAAGGAAAAAAAGAGG fsHP11 16 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGATCGCGSGTGAGGAG fsHP13 17 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCAAAGAGGAGGAGGAGAGG fsHP14 18 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCAAAAAAGAGGAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP15 19 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGTTCCAAAAAGGAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP34 20 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAACTCCAAAAAGAAGAARMAGAGG fsHP17 21 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCAAAAAAGAAAAAGAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP35 22 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCAAAAAAAGAAGAAARAGAGG fsHP19 23 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAATTCCAAAAAAGAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP21 24 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGAGAGGGAGGAAGAAGAAAAAGAGG fsHP22 25 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAAGAGAGAGAAGGAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP23 26 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAAAAAGAAAAAGAAAAAGAGGCC fsHP26 27 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCGAGAARGAGAAAGAGAGG fsHP39 28 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGTTCCAAAAAGAGAACAAAAAGAGG fsHP40 29 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAATCCCAAAGAGAAAGAAAAGAGG fsHP41 30 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCRAAGAAGAGAGAGAAGAGAG fsHP42 31 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGCGCAGGCAGAAAAGAGG fsHP43 32 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGACATGCGCAAAAAAAGAGG fsHP44 62 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGTTCCCCAAAGAGAAAAAAGAGG fsHP45 63 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCCAAAGGAAAAAAAGAGG fsHP46 64 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGRGGAAGAAGRAGAAAAAGAGG fsHP47 65 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGCCCCGACCCAGAAGAGG fsHP48 66 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGCCCCAGAAGAAAAAGAGAGG fsHP49 67 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGTGCMTCAGARGAARAAGAGAGG fsHP50 68 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGTACCCCAAAGGAAAAAAAGAGG fsHP51 69 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGAAAAAGAAAAAGAAAAACAAGAGG fsHP52 70 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGMAKAAACGGATGACCAGAGG fsHP53 71 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAAACGRATGACCAGAGG fsHP54 72 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGTGCAGARAAACCAGAGG fsHP55 73 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAATTCCAAAAAGAAGAAGGGG fsLP14 33 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGATYCCTCARARAGRAACAARAGG fsLP18 34 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGTYCCTCARARAGRAACAARAGG fsLP19 35 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGTYCCTCARARAGAGACAARAGG fsLP21 36 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGTYCCTCARARAGRTACAARAGG fsLP26 37 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCCTCAGAGAGAGACGAGAGG fsLP02 38 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCCTCAACGAGAAACAAGAGG fsLP03 39 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGYCCTCAAARGGAGACAAGAGG fsLP22 40 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCTGAAAYTCCAAAAGRAAGG fsLP23 41 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCTGAAAYTCCAAAAGGAAAAGG fsLP05 42 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGYGAAATTCCAAARGGAAGAGG fsLP07 43 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCGAARTYCCAAARGGRAGAG fsLP08 44 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGAAAYCCCAAAKGGAAGAGG fsLP10 45 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCYGAARTCCCRAAKGGAAR fsLP24 46 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCTGARAYTCCAAAAGGRAGAG fsLP25 47 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCTGARAYTCCAAAGGGRAGAG fsLP12 48 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCTGAAATTCCAAAAGGAAGAGG fsLP13 49 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAATGTYCCTCAAARAGAAACAAGAG fsLP27 50 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGTTCCTCAAAGAGACACAAGGG fsLP29 52 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGTCCTCAAAGGGAAACAAGAGG fsLP30 53 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGTGGAGTCCCAAGAAAAAGAGG fsLP31 54 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCGGAAAATCCRAAGAMKAGAGG fsLP32 55 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCTGAAATCCCAAAGAAAAGAGG fsLP33 74 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGAGAACCCAAAGACCAGAGG fsLP34 75 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGTACCAGAAACAGATGACCAGAGG fsLP35 76 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCAGAGAAWCCAAAGACCAGAGG fsLP36 77 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGAGAABCCMAAGACCAGRGG fsLP37 78 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGARARCCCMAARACCAGAGG fsLP38 79 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCAGAAAATCCAAAAACCAGAGG fsLP39 80 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGARAAWCCAAAGCCCAGAGG fsLP40 81 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGAGAAACCAAARCCMAGAGG fsLP41 82 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGAAAAACCAAAGACAAGGGG fsLP42 83 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCAGAAAAACCAAAGACAAGAGG fsLP43 84 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCAGAGAATCCAAAGACTAGGGG fsLP44 85 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCCCARARAGRAACAARAGG fsLP45 86 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCCCARARAGRAACAARGGG fsLP46 87 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGTACCCCAAAGAAAAACAAGAGG

TABLE 4 Pre-amplification primers Avian Influenza Virus (H5 and H7 specific) SEQ Designation ID NO Sequence prfH5EH 88 RAAYTTYATTGCTCCAGAAWATGCATAC prrH5EH/H5-kha-3 59 TACCAACCGTCTACCATKCCYTG prfH5WH 89 TTTATAGCTCCYGAATATGCRTACAA prrH5WH 90 TACCAYCCRTCHACCATTCCTT prfH7EH 91 ATGYCCGAGATATGTWAARCA prrH7EH 92 TTTGTAATCTGCHGCAGTYC GK7.4 57 TTTGTAATCTGCAGCAGTTC prfH7WH.1 93 GCCCTCGRTATGTCARACA prfH7WH.2 94 CCCTCGRTATGTCARGCA prrH7WH 95 TTTGTARTCAGCTGCAGTYC Designation system: pr = pre-amplification; f = forward; r = reverse; H5/H7 = specificity; EH = Eastern Hemisphere, WH = Western Hemisphere GK7.4 is an alternative to prrH7EH

TABLE 5 Detection primers Avian Influenza Virus Designation SEQ ID NO Sequence fdHP 60 Fam-isoC-CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCG fdLP 61 CAL orange 560-isoC-CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCG

TABLE 6 Selection primers for Newcastle Disease Virus SEQ ID NO Designation Sequence Primer name for Mesogenic and velogenic NDV strains  96 FSM04.5 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAAGGAGACAGAAACGCTTTATA  97 FSM04.16 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAAGGAGGCAGAGACGCTTTATA  98 FSV01 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAGGAGACAGAAACGCTTCGTA  99 FSV02.3 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGAAGACGGAAACGCTTTATA 100 FSV02.8 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGGAGACGGAAGCGCTTTATA 101 FSV03.2 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAGGAGACAGAGACGCTTTGTA 102 FSV04.5 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAGGAGACGAAAACGCTTTATA 103 FSV05.5 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGGAGGAGACAGAAACGATTTATA 104 FSV05.6 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGGAGGAGACAGAAACGCTTTATA 105 FSV05.8 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGGAGGAGACAGAGACGCTTTATA 106 FSV06.4 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAAAGAGACAGAGACGTTTTATA 107 FSSV01 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAAACGGCAGAAGCGTTTTGTA 108 FSSV02 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGTAAGGAGGAAAAAGCGCTTTATA 109 FSM01D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGGAGGCARAAACGYTTYATA 110 FSM02.1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGATGGAGGMAGAARCGCTTTATA 111 FSM02.2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRRGGAGGCAGAAACGCTTYATA 112 FSM04.3D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAAAGAGGCARAAACGSTTYATA 113 FSM04.7D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAAGGAGGCAGAAACGSTTTATA 114 FSM04.11D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAAAGAGGCAGAARCGSTTTATA 115 FSM04.15 1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAAGGAGGCAGAARCGCTTYRTA 116 FSM04.15 2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAAGGAGGMARAARCGCTTTATA 117 FSV02.2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRAGAAGRCAGAAGCGCTTTATA 118 FSV02.6D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGGAGACARAAGCGCTTTATA 119 FSV03.1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAGGAGACAGAARCGCTTTGTA 120 FSV04.1.1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGARGRAGRCAAAAACGCTTTATA 121 FSV04.1.2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGRAGGAGACAAAARCGCTTTATA 122 FSV04.2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAGRAGACAAAAACGCTTYDTA 123 FSV05.3D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAAGGAGACAGAGRCGATTTATA 124 FSV06.1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGRAAGAGACAGAARCGCTTTATA 125 FSV06.5.1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRGGAAGGAGACAGAAACGCTKKATA 126 FSV06.5.2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAVGGAGACAGAARCGCTTTATA 127 FSV06.6 1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAMGGAGRCAGAARCGTTTTATA 128 FSV06.6 2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAAGGAGAMARAAACGITTTRTA 129 FSV06.6 3D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRGGAAGGAGACAGAAACGTTTYANV 130 FSV06.7D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAAGGAGACARAGACGCTTYRTA 131 FSV06.8 1D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGRRGRAGGAGACAGAGACGTTTTATA 132 FSV06.8 2D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAAGGAGACAGRGRCGTTTTATA 133 FSV06.8 3D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAAGGAGACAGAGACGTYTTRTA 134 FSSV03D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGGAAGGAGAAAAAAACGHTTTATA 135 OFSM03 CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGAGGAGACAGAAACGCTTTATA 136 OFSM04D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGRAARGAGRCAGARACGCTTTATA 137 OFSV02D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAGRAGACRGAARCGCTTTATA 138 OFSV03D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGRAGGAGACAGARACGCTTTGTA 139 OFSV04D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGAAGGAGACRRAAACGCTTTWTA 140 OFSV05D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGGGRAGGAGACAGARACGMTTTATA 141 OFSV06D CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCGAGGAARGAGACAGARACGYTTTATA Primer name for lentogenic NDV strains 142 FSL01.3 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGAAACAGGGGCGCCTCATA 143 FSL01.4 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGAAACAGGGGCGCCTTATA 144 FSL01.8.1D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGAVRCAGGGGCGCCTTATA 145 FSL01.8.2D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGAGACAGGSGCGYCTTWTA 146 FSL02.1D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGRAAACARGGACGCCTTATA 147 FSL02.2D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGGAARCAGGGACGCSTKATA 148 FSL03.1D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGRGARRCAGGGACGTCTTATA 149 FSL03.2 D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGRGGGAAACAGGRACGTCTTATA 150 FSL03.3 D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGGGAAACAGGGRCGTCTTMTA 151 FSSL01D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGGCAGGRGCGTTTGGTA 152 FSSL02D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGAACGACAGGARCGTTTGKTA 153 FSSL03D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGGGCAGGAGCGTCTGGTR 154 FSSL04D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAACGKCAGGAGCGYTTGGTA 155 FSSL05D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCGGCARGAGCGTTTGGTA 156 FSSL06D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGWACGTCARGAGCGTTTGGTA 157 FSSL07D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGACGRCAGGAGCGKTTGGTA 158 FSSL08D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAACRGCAGGAGCGGTTGRTA 159 FSSL09 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGCAGGGGCGTTTGGTA 160 FSSL010D CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAACRGCAGGAGCGDTTGATA 161 FSSL011 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCGGCAGGATCGTTTGGTA 162 FSSL012 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGCAGACAAGCACGCCTGATA 163 FSSL013 CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCGAGCAGGGGCGGTTGATA

TABLE 7 Pre-amplification primers for Newcastle Disease Virus Designation SEQ ID NO Sequence P1F 164 TTGATGGCAGGCCTCTTGC P2R 165 GGAGGATGTTGGCAGCATT

TABLE 8 Detection primers for Newcastle Disease Virus Designation SEQ ID NO Sequence fdHP 60 Fam-isoC-CGGGAACTATCACCAAACAACACCCCG fdLP 61 CAL orange 560-isoC-CGGGACAACAAACCACTATCAACCCCG

REFERENCES

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1. A method for genotyping N loci in a target nucleic acid molecule present in a sample, wherein N is at least 1 and each locus is located in a respective genotype marker region of the nucleic acid molecule, and corresponds to two or more genotypes, the method comprising the steps of: a) performing a pre-amplification of each genotype marker region utilizing primer-dependent enzymatic reactions, wherein the amplification is performed with a first group of amplification primer pairs consisting of a first set of one or more different forward primers and a first set of one or more different reverse primers, yielding one or more amplicons encompassing the genotype marker region(s), and wherein each amplicon contains a region with at least one nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target distinct from the genotype marker region; b) performing on the amplicon(s) from step a) a two-level nucleic acid amplification reaction utilizing primer-dependent enzymatic reactions, wherein b1) the first level is nucleic acid amplification utilizing a second group of primer pairs binding to each amplicon produced in step a), wherein said group of primer pairs consists of a second set of one or more different forward primers and a second set of one or more different reverse primers, wherein each sequence variant of each locus is targeted by at least one primer from said second sets of primers, said at least one primer forming a set of selection primers, the selection primers being bipartite having at the 3′-end a locus recognition sequence part binding to either of said N loci at the genotype marker region, and at the 5′-end an artificial one-piece tagging sequence part being genotype specific or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, one piece of which is genotype specific and the other one is non-genotype specific, and wherein each selection primer binding to the target locus of the genotype marker region forms a primer pair together with another primer belonging to said second sets of primers but targeting said nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a), and wherein each selection primer is present in a concentration selected from the group: of less than 100 nM, of 10-0.01 nM, or approximately 0.3 nM, and the other primer of said primer pair is present in a concentration selected from the group: of at least 100 times, or between 100 and 100 000 times that of said selection primer, yielding amplicons each containing a respective one of said N loci; b2) the second level is nucleic acid amplification utilizing a third group of primer pairs binding to each amplicon produced in step b1), wherein said group of primer pairs, present in a concentration selected from the group of: at least 100 times, or between 100 and 100 000 times that of said selection primers in step b1), consists of a third set of one or more different forward primers and a third set of one or more different reverse primers, wherein each tagging sequence part of each selection primer is targeted by at least one primer from said third sets of primers, said at least one primer forming a set of detection primers, and wherein each detection primer binding to the tagging sequence part forms a primer pair together with another primer belonging to said third sets of primers but targeting said nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a), the detection primers having: i) a genotype-specific sequence corresponding to the artificial one-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers, wherein each detection primer is labelled with a genotype-specific detectable label; or ii) a non-genotype specific sequence which is common to all detection primers and corresponds to the non-specific sequence of the artificial two-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers, wherein each detection primer is optionally labelled at the 5′-end with a detectable label or a chemical moiety; which results in detectable amplicons each containing a respective one of said N loci labelled with genotype specific tagging sequences and, optionally, genotype specific labels; c) genotyping said N loci of the target nucleic acid molecule by c1) detecting during, or after, the amplification thereof each label comprised in each amplicon produced in step b2i), and relating the predominant amount of detected label to a specific genotype for each locus; or c2) after amplification contacting each amplicon produced in step b2ii) with a detection array of genotype specific sequences, detecting the hybridization of each amplicon to the array, and relating the detected hybridization to a specific genotype for each locus.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nucleotide sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) belongs to a set of sequences from the group of: having less than 100 members, less than 20 members or 1-5 members, and/or corresponds to an artificial sequence tagging part introduced in the amplicons formed in step a) by means of said first set of primers, wherein said primers are bipartite and comprise and artificial 5′-tagging sequence and a 3′-region binding to the target nucleic acid molecule, and/or corresponds to a genomic region or regions.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the selection and detection primers have sequences selected to minimize primer-primer interaction, or wherein the artificial tagging sequence part of said primers has self complementary ends to form base pairs selected from the group of: less than 10 base pairs, 3-7 base pairs, or 5 base pairs. 4.-7. (canceled)
 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said third set of primers used in step b2) binding to the at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) is the same as said second set of primers used in step b1) binding to the at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a).
 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein said second set of primers used in step b1) binding to the at least one sequence that can act as a primer binding target of step a) is the same as either first set of primers used in step a). 10.-11. (canceled)
 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein each locus corresponds to two genotypes, and optionally wherein the presence or absence of a certain locus indicates antimicrobial resistance and non-resistance, respectively, of a microorganism.
 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the two genotypes for each locus indicate high and low pathogenicity, respectively, of a microorganism whose genome contains the locus.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the two genotypes correspond to the presence or absence of a locus, and optionally wherein the presence or absence of a certain locus indicates antimicrobial resistance and non-resistance, respectively, of a microorganism.
 16. (canceled)
 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primer pair of step a) consists of primers comprising primers selected from the group of: the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 58, primers comprising the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 56, primers comprising the nucleic acid sequences of table 7 or selected from the nucleic acid sequences of table
 4. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein said selection primers are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 55, or are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of table 3 or table
 6. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein said detection primers are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NO:s 60 and
 61. 20.-22. (canceled)
 23. A kit for performing the method according to claim 1, comprising a first group of primer pairs consisting of a first set of one or more different forward primers and a first set of one or more different reverse primers for performance of the pre-amplification step a) of claim 1, a second group of primer pairs consisting of a second set of one or more different forward primers and a second set of one or more different reverse primers, one second set of which forms a set of selection primers, wherein the selection primers are bipartite and have at the 3′-end a locus recognition sequence part and at the 5′-end an artificial one-piece tagging sequence part being genotype specific or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, one piece thereof being genotype specific and the other one being non-genotype specific, for performance of the first level amplification of step b1) of claim 1; a third group of primer pairs consisting of a third set of one or more different forward primers and a third set of one or more different reverse primers, one third set of which forms a set of detection primers, wherein the detection primers either have a genotype-specific sequence corresponding to the artificial one-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers or a non-genotype specific sequence common to each detection primer and corresponding to the non-specific sequence of the artificial two-piece tagging sequence part of the selection primers, for performance of the second level amplification of step b2) of claim 1, wherein the detection primers are optionally labelled at the 5′ end with a label or a chemical moiety, and optionally other ingredients of a nucleic acid amplification reaction mixture.
 24. The kit according to claim 23, wherein said selection and detection primers are self complementary and selected from the group of: to form less than 10, to form 3-7 or to form 5 base pairs, to minimize primer-primer interaction. 25.-26. (canceled)
 27. The kit according to claim 23, wherein said third set of forward primers is the same as said second set of forward primers, or said third set of reverse primers is the same as said second set of reverse primers.
 28. The kit according to claim 23, wherein said second set of forward primers is the same as said first set of forward primers, or said second set of reverse primers is the same as said first set of reverse primers.
 29. The kit according to claim 23, wherein the first sets of primers comprise the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 58, or the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 56, or of primers comprising the nucleic acid sequences of table 7 or selected from the nucleic acid sequences of table
 4. 30. The kit according to claim 23, wherein said selection primers are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 55, or are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of table 3 or table
 6. 31. The kit according to claim 23, wherein said detection primers are chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NO:s 60 and
 61. 32. (canceled)
 33. A method for designing and producing selection primers to be used in the method for genotyping according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: a) selecting a highly variable region where sequences are as dissimilar as possible between different genotypes; b) aligning a large number of nucleic acid molecule sequences of interest comprising at least one locus; c) merging the aligned nucleic acid molecules sequences by means of a computer program with profile alignment function; d) trimming the aligned nucleic acid molecules sequences to oligonucleotides having nucleotide numbers selected from the group of: between 20 and 50 nucleotides, between 30 and 40 nucleotides, or 35 oligonucleotides, covering said locus; e) adjusting the length of said oligonucleotides of step c), while still covering said locus, to achieve similar melting temperatures for all of said oligonucleotides, the melting temperatures being within an interval selected from the group: of about 10° C., within 5° C., or within 1° C.; f) grouping said oligonucleotides into degenerate primers; g) synthesizing said degenerate primers while adding to the 5′ end of the primers an artificial one-piece tagging sequence part being genotype-specific or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, one piece thereof being genotype specific and the other one being non-genotype specific, wherein said artificial tagging sequence part has a sequence selected to minimize primer-primer interaction, preferably wherein the ends of said primers are self complementary to form base pairs selected from the group of: less than 10, 3-7 or 5 base pairs; h) recovering the selection primer product of step f), and optionally wherein the nucleic acid molecule of step a) orginate from a microorganism. 34.-36. (canceled)
 37. The method according to claim 33, wherein the nucleic acid molecule sequences of step b) originate from influenza virus and the target nucleic acid sequence is that corresponding to the haemagglutinin precursor protein cleavage site, and the two genotypes are the nucleic acid sequences constituting the cleavage sites which upon cleaving confer high pathogenicity and low pathogenicity, respectively, to said influenza virus.
 38. The method according to claim 33, wherein the nucleic acid molecule sequences of step b) originate from a bacterial species and includes, besides chromosomal DNA, mobile elements such as plasmids, transposons, resistance cassettes and virulence genes, and the genotyping will include determination of existence and nature or non-existence of these elements as well as genotyping of chromosomal loci. 39.-40. (canceled)
 41. Selection primers adapted for genotyping of loci in a target nucleic acid molecule, wherein each locus is located in a respective genotype marker region of the nucleic acid molecule, and corresponds to two or more genotypes, wherein said primers comprise at the 3′-end a locus recognition sequence part and at the 5′-end an artificial one-piece genotype specific tagging sequence part or an artificial two-piece tagging sequence part, one piece of which is genotype specific and the other one is non-genotype specific, and which primers are selected from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 55, or chosen from oligonucleotides comprising the sequences of table 3 or table 6, and wherein the locus recognition sequence part has a nucleotide length selected from 15 to 50 nucleotides, 15 to 30 nucleotides, or 23 nucleotides. 42.-43. (canceled)
 44. A computer program product comprising computer readable instructions directly downloadable into the internal memory of a computer, wherein the computer readable instructions are adapted to induce the computer to aid in performing the method according to claim
 33. 